Africa - Central Africa - Sahel Africa - South Asia - East Siberia Asia - Indonesia Asia - North Central Asia - South Central Asia and China Asia - Southeast Asia and India Asia - West Siberia Australia Europe Global - Land Middle East and Sahara North America - Alaska and Northern Canada North America - Central America North America - Eastern United States North America - Southern Canada North America - Western United States South America - Amazon South America - Southeast South America - Southwest

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	179.
CESM3_092H	[-]	179.	178.	178.		218.		-0.807	19.7	0.808		0.485	0.583	0.907	0.914	0.694
CESM3_098bH	[-]	173.	173.	178.		218.		-6.50	21.6	0.846		0.346	0.591	0.907	0.891	0.665
CMIP6_001	[-]	176.	176.	177.		216.		-0.676	18.1	1.20		0.518	0.536	0.833	0.980	0.680
LE2_001	[-]	176.	175.	177.		216.		-1.21	18.7	1.29		0.500	0.519	0.827	0.975	0.668

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	189.
CESM3_092H	[-]	196.	196.	189.		210.		7.57	17.7	0.505		0.437	0.550	0.964	0.968	0.694
CESM3_098bH	[-]	184.	185.	189.		210.		-3.98	16.5	0.692		0.482	0.583	0.939	0.894	0.696
CMIP6_001	[-]	188.	188.	188.		224.		0.205	14.3	0.652		0.552	0.598	0.930	0.999	0.735
LE2_001	[-]	187.	188.	188.		224.		-0.337	14.7	0.609		0.536	0.588	0.937	0.999	0.730

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	194.
CESM3_092H	[-]	204.	204.	193.		223.		9.64	23.0	0.995		0.299	0.462	0.882	0.998	0.621
CESM3_098bH	[-]	202.	202.	193.		223.		7.69	22.0	0.937		0.344	0.477	0.899	0.998	0.639
CMIP6_001	[-]	195.	195.	192.		221.		2.23	20.9	0.898		0.507	0.444	0.901	0.986	0.656
LE2_001	[-]	194.	194.	192.		221.		1.69	20.8	0.966		0.522	0.442	0.896	0.987	0.657

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	81.3
CESM3_092H	[-]	64.6	64.7	81.3		84.8		-16.7	21.4	0.219		0.219	0.385	0.986	0.886	0.572
CESM3_098bH	[-]	64.4	64.5	81.3		84.8		-17.0	22.4	0.216		0.204	0.350	0.986	0.915	0.561
CMIP6_001	[-]	60.0	60.1	80.9		86.2		-21.8	27.6	0.357		0.113	0.307	0.976	0.782	0.497
LE2_001	[-]	58.8	59.0	80.9		86.2		-22.8	28.3	0.386		0.0914	0.303	0.974	0.787	0.492

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	189.
CESM3_092H	[-]	167.	166.	188.		215.		-15.7	22.3	1.21		0.540	0.668	0.850	0.687	0.683
CESM3_098bH	[-]	161.	161.	188.		215.		-20.7	25.8	1.46		0.438	0.658	0.805	0.713	0.655
CMIP6_001	[-]	164.	164.	183.		210.		-12.9	22.1	1.58		0.512	0.585	0.783	0.914	0.676
LE2_001	[-]	165.	164.	183.		210.		-12.5	22.2	1.48		0.508	0.582	0.800	0.928	0.680

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	105.
CESM3_092H	[-]	102.	102.	105.		130.		-2.30	13.1	0.553		0.600	0.557	0.961	0.898	0.715
CESM3_098bH	[-]	100.	99.9	105.		130.		-4.16	13.4	0.512		0.585	0.553	0.965	0.921	0.715
CMIP6_001	[-]	96.3	96.2	104.		127.		-7.66	14.9	0.388		0.482	0.542	0.974	0.838	0.676
LE2_001	[-]	97.8	97.7	104.		127.		-6.17	13.4	0.345		0.547	0.582	0.977	0.862	0.710

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	140.
CESM3_092H	[-]	153.	153.	140.		166.		13.1	23.5	0.621		0.184	0.352	0.942	0.959	0.558
CESM3_098bH	[-]	150.	150.	140.		166.		10.3	21.5	0.655		0.242	0.373	0.937	0.945	0.574
CMIP6_001	[-]	148.	148.	139.		162.		8.72	20.4	0.553		0.299	0.382	0.953	0.996	0.603
LE2_001	[-]	148.	147.	139.		162.		8.00	20.2	0.570		0.317	0.381	0.952	0.994	0.605

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	180.
CESM3_092H	[-]	183.	183.	180.		216.		3.32	23.3	0.575		0.402	0.430	0.956	0.969	0.637
CESM3_098bH	[-]	178.	178.	180.		216.		-1.89	21.7	0.493		0.481	0.479	0.962	0.928	0.666
CMIP6_001	[-]	180.	180.	178.		210.		3.31	23.1	0.569		0.430	0.386	0.955	0.990	0.630
LE2_001	[-]	180.	180.	178.		210.		3.10	23.3	0.549		0.432	0.380	0.958	0.993	0.629

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	74.6
CESM3_092H	[-]	60.2	60.6	74.5		81.8		-15.4	18.3	0.444		0.274	0.359	0.971	0.951	0.583
CESM3_098bH	[-]	58.9	59.4	74.5		81.8		-16.5	19.8	0.492		0.239	0.326	0.967	0.950	0.562
CMIP6_001	[-]	46.6	47.0	74.6		74.8		-28.7	33.8	0.361		0.0428	0.174	0.976	0.827	0.439
LE2_001	[-]	47.9	48.3	74.6		74.8		-27.4	31.6	0.363		0.0487	0.208	0.976	0.819	0.452

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	193.
CESM3_092H	[-]	202.	202.	193.		219.		4.80	20.3	0.415		0.313	0.509	0.971	0.961	0.653
CESM3_098bH	[-]	201.	201.	193.		219.		3.32	20.1	0.422		0.335	0.514	0.971	0.961	0.659
CMIP6_001	[-]	197.	197.	193.		202.		2.00	17.5	0.580		0.439	0.517	0.961	0.981	0.683
LE2_001	[-]	198.	198.	193.		202.		2.72	17.7	0.512		0.422	0.513	0.966	0.977	0.678

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	120.
CESM3_092H	[-]	124.	124.	120.		157.		7.57	20.4	0.256		0.260	0.382	0.982	0.982	0.598
CESM3_098bH	[-]	122.	122.	120.		157.		5.50	18.9	0.279		0.292	0.418	0.978	0.989	0.619
CMIP6_001	[-]	119.	119.	117.		151.		4.27	17.7	0.364		0.313	0.475	0.976	0.944	0.637
LE2_001	[-]	120.	120.	117.		151.		5.05	17.7	0.321		0.293	0.490	0.979	0.942	0.639

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	145.
CESM3_092H	[-]	146.	146.	144.		197.		1.98	19.9	0.572		0.339	0.502	0.944	0.947	0.647
CESM3_098bH	[-]	143.	143.	144.		197.		-0.650	19.3	0.583		0.363	0.514	0.942	0.955	0.657
CMIP6_001	[-]	140.	140.	143.		181.		-2.13	19.8	0.608		0.382	0.487	0.939	0.942	0.647
LE2_001	[-]	140.	140.	143.		181.		-2.11	19.8	0.599		0.388	0.485	0.940	0.942	0.648

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	175.
CESM3_092H	[-]	182.	182.	175.		233.		7.85	18.8	0.374		0.339	0.656	0.971	0.987	0.722
CESM3_098bH	[-]	177.	177.	175.		233.		2.88	18.0	0.494		0.382	0.633	0.954	0.989	0.718
CMIP6_001	[-]	176.	176.	173.		226.		3.26	17.6	0.659		0.371	0.633	0.933	0.996	0.713
LE2_001	[-]	176.	176.	173.		226.		3.10	17.6	0.645		0.372	0.630	0.934	0.996	0.712

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	80.0
CESM3_092H	[-]	66.9	66.6	80.0		78.6		-15.1	20.8	0.262		0.302	0.375	0.983	0.919	0.591
CESM3_098bH	[-]	67.2	67.0	80.0		78.6		-14.7	20.7	0.228		0.309	0.376	0.985	0.937	0.596
CMIP6_001	[-]	53.7	53.6	79.8		82.9		-27.8	35.4	0.341		0.0611	0.155	0.977	0.858	0.441
LE2_001	[-]	54.2	54.1	79.8		82.9		-27.3	35.3	0.342		0.0685	0.150	0.977	0.850	0.439

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	205.
CESM3_092H	[-]	202.	202.	204.		226.		-1.27	20.4	0.526		0.381	0.598	0.942	0.760	0.656
CESM3_098bH	[-]	200.	200.	204.		226.		-3.38	20.6	0.595		0.415	0.573	0.937	0.715	0.643
CMIP6_001	[-]	200.	200.	200.		227.		1.08	21.2	0.646		0.360	0.503	0.943	0.839	0.629
LE2_001	[-]	199.	199.	200.		227.		0.250	21.0	0.588		0.366	0.507	0.946	0.847	0.635

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	153.
CESM3_092H	[-]	166.	166.	152.		202.		15.1	20.3	0.421		0.112	0.560	0.971	0.978	0.636
CESM3_098bH	[-]	164.	164.	152.		202.		13.1	17.9	0.358		0.152	0.617	0.974	0.970	0.666
CMIP6_001	[-]	157.	157.	151.		194.		7.54	13.7	0.256		0.428	0.625	0.983	0.998	0.732
LE2_001	[-]	157.	157.	151.		194.		7.35	14.5	0.285		0.436	0.574	0.981	0.996	0.712

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	115.
CESM3_092H	[-]	117.	118.	115.		142.		2.83	12.1	0.436		0.569	0.594	0.971	0.908	0.727
CESM3_098bH	[-]	116.	116.	115.		142.		1.66	11.3	0.381		0.597	0.621	0.975	0.919	0.747
CMIP6_001	[-]	112.	112.	114.		123.		-2.49	13.0	0.457		0.577	0.575	0.967	0.882	0.715
LE2_001	[-]	113.	113.	114.		123.		-1.81	13.5	0.493		0.582	0.541	0.966	0.885	0.703

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	162.
CESM3_092H	[-]	175.	175.	162.		181.		13.6	19.4	0.244		0.210	0.479	0.984	0.998	0.630
CESM3_098bH	[-]	174.	174.	162.		181.		11.9	17.0	0.326		0.258	0.547	0.978	0.999	0.666
CMIP6_001	[-]	171.	171.	162.		171.		9.55	15.7	0.283		0.405	0.526	0.981	0.988	0.685
LE2_001	[-]	170.	170.	162.		171.		8.09	15.3	0.243		0.469	0.507	0.983	0.990	0.691

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	176.
CESM3_092H	[-]	185.	185.	175.		232.		10.5	20.3	1.47		0.422	0.587	0.802	0.998	0.679
CESM3_098bH	[-]	183.	183.	175.		232.		8.02	19.1	1.37		0.478	0.596	0.817	0.998	0.697
CMIP6_001	[-]	185.	185.	174.		226.		11.2	21.4	1.40		0.383	0.546	0.808	0.999	0.657
LE2_001	[-]	185.	185.	174.		226.		11.2	21.7	1.38		0.376	0.536	0.810	0.999	0.651

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	182.
CESM3_092H	[-]	197.	197.	182.		207.		14.7	22.1	0.942		0.232	0.535	0.899	0.999	0.640
CESM3_098bH	[-]	197.	197.	182.		207.		14.5	21.2	0.829		0.237	0.573	0.902	0.997	0.657
CMIP6_001	[-]	189.	189.	181.		201.		7.18	16.1	0.864		0.507	0.614	0.909	0.974	0.724
LE2_001	[-]	190.	190.	181.		201.		8.43	16.4	0.807		0.489	0.609	0.920	0.978	0.721

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (intersection) [Watt m-2]	Model Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]	Benchmark Period Mean (complement) [Watt m-2]		Bias [Watt m-2]	RMSE [Watt m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Spatial Distribution Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	176.
CESM3_092H	[-]	181.	180.	175.		198.		3.20	25.7	0.820		0.240	0.462	0.892	0.924	0.596
CESM3_098bH	[-]	180.	180.	175.		198.		2.37	25.7	0.842		0.241	0.465	0.893	0.923	0.597
CMIP6_001	[-]	185.	184.	176.		178.		4.23	26.1	0.954		0.211	0.471	0.884	0.963	0.600
LE2_001	[-]	184.	184.	176.		178.		3.91	26.1	0.939		0.211	0.477	0.882	0.964	0.602

Africa - Central Africa - Sahel Africa - South Asia - East Siberia Asia - Indonesia Asia - North Central Asia - South Central Asia and China Asia - Southeast Asia and India Asia - West Siberia Australia Europe Global - Land Middle East and Sahara North America - Alaska and Northern Canada North America - Central America North America - Eastern United States North America - Southern Canada North America - Western United States South America - Amazon South America - Southeast South America - Southwest Temporally integrated period mean Temporally integrated period mean max month Temporally integrated mean phase shift Temporally integrated mean phase shift score Temporally integrated period mean bias Temporally integrated period mean bias score Temporally integrated period mean rmse Temporally integrated period mean rmse score Spatially integrated regional mean cycle Spatially integrated regional mean detrended cycle Spatially integrated regional mean

  Title:

derived GEWEX SRB Radiation

  Source_file:

This product is generated from monthly 1 degree GEWEX SRB Radiation observations

  Conventions:

Please contact Prof. James Randerson (Email: jranders@uci.edu) or Dr. Mingquan Mu (mmu@uci.edu) for any question

  Creation_date:

Tue Jul 1 08:29:23 PDT 2014

  Approach:

To obtain surface net shortwave radiation from GEWEX SRB radiation data, I subtracted surface all-sky upward shortwave (sw_sfc_up) from surface all-sky downward shortwave (sw_sfc_dn). Meanwhile, the data were also binned from original 1.0x1.0 resolution to final 0.5x0.5 resolution.

  Temporal resolution:

monthly

  General information:

This product was derived from NASA GEWEX SRB radiation dataset.

  Spatial resolution:

0.5x0.5 degree

  Derived data code:

http://redwood.ess.uci.edu/mingquan/www/ILAMB/Download/CODES/CODES/subroutines/convert/convert-radiation-gewex.srb.ncl